The Ultimate Guide to Holiday Home Cleaning Services

Unlock 5-star reviews with expert holiday home cleaning strategies. Learn tips, checklists & when to hire pros for spotless rentals.

Holiday home cleaning

Why Holiday Home Cleanliness Defines Your Guest Experience

Holiday home cleaning is the foundation of every successful vacation rental business. Whether you own a coastal cottage, a ski chalet, or a city apartment, the cleanliness of your property directly determines guest satisfaction, review scores, and ultimately, your booking rate.

Quick Answer: What is Holiday Home Cleaning?

Holiday home cleaning is a specialized, hospitality-grade service that goes far beyond standard residential cleaning. It includes:

  • Full property turnover between guest stays (typically within 5-6 hours)
  • Deep cleaning of all surfaces, appliances, and fixtures to hotel standards
  • Fresh linens and towels for every arrival
  • Restocking essential supplies and amenities
  • Quality checks for damage, maintenance issues, and missing items
  • Outdoor space maintenance including patios, pools, and hot tubs

According to industry data and accommodation research, cleanliness gaps are by far the most common complaint in rental reviews. Public sources such as Airbnb’s overview of review factors highlight cleanliness as a core metric guests consistently rate and mention. A single oversight—a stained towel, a dusty surface, or a forgotten bin—can transform a five-star stay into a one-star review. Conversely, an impeccably clean property becomes a powerful marketing asset, driving positive reviews, repeat bookings, and premium pricing.

The stakes are high. Today’s guests expect nothing less than a pristine, welcoming environment when they arrive. They’re not just renting a space—they’re investing in an experience. A home that looks, smells, and feels freshly prepared signals respect, professionalism, and attention to detail.

As the Founder of CleanSwans, I’ve spent years developing luxury home care programs specifically designed for high-value properties, secondary homes, and vacation rentals. Holiday home cleaning requires a level of precision, speed, and consistency that standard cleaning simply can’t deliver—and that’s where white-glove service makes all the difference.

Infographic showing the cycle: Exceptional Cleanliness leads to Positive Guest Reviews, which drives Higher Booking Rates, resulting in Increased Profitability and Repeat Guests - Holiday home cleaning infographic

The Foundations of Five-Star Cleanliness

Holiday home cleaning is fundamentally different from our Standard Cleaning services. Vacation rental cleaning operates on hospitality-grade standards where guests expect a pristine, hotel-like environment with every surface gleaming. Areas cleaned monthly in typical homes require attention between every guest turnover in holiday rentals.

The goal is creating a welcoming atmosphere from the moment guests arrive. A consistent cleaning routine and comprehensive checklist are critical for maintaining standards that lead to positive reviews and repeat bookings. Our internal CleanSwans vacation rental cleaning checklist covers every aspect to ensure guest satisfaction.

Presentation and staging are equally crucial. Thoughtful touches like neatly arranged pillows or a welcome basket lift the guest’s perception of your property. These details signal care and transform a rental into a home away from home.

Essential linen requirements follow the industry-standard “three-set rule” for all bedding: one set in use, one being laundered, and one spare for immediate changeovers. This ensures efficiency during tight turnover windows.

Finally, effective waste management is vital. Provide clear instructions for waste disposal and recycling. Ask guests to empty bins before departure and place used towels in the bathtub to streamline cleaning. Forgotten bins in bedrooms and bathrooms can significantly impact first impressions.

Your Comprehensive Holiday Home Cleaning Checklist

Ensuring a spotless holiday home requires strategic planning and the right tools. Our holiday home cleaning checklist ensures your property is guest-ready every time.

A fully stocked, organized cleaning caddy - Holiday home cleaning

Essential cleaning supplies for white-glove standards:

  • All-purpose cleaner, disinfectant, glass cleaner
  • Microfiber cloths, scrub brushes, sponges
  • Vacuum with attachments, mop and bucket
  • Rubber gloves, trash bags, paper towels
  • Laundry products: detergent, fabric softener, stain treatment
  • Toilet bowl cleaner, spot remover, telescoping duster

Key Considerations for Kitchens

  • Appliances: Clean refrigerator interiors, oven, microwave, dishwasher
  • Surfaces: Sanitize countertops, backsplashes, sink, and faucet
  • Restocking: Replenish dish soap, sponges, paper towels, bin bags
  • Organization: Ensure dishes and cookware are spotless and stored properly
  • Final touches: Wipe cabinets, empty and reline trash bins, mop floors

Best Practices for Bathrooms

  • Disinfect: Thoroughly clean toilet, shower, tub, and sink
  • Polish: Mirrors and chrome fixtures to streak-free shine
  • Restock: Toilet paper, hand soap, essential toiletries
  • Fresh linens: Clean towels and bath mat
  • Floors: Empty trash, mop and disinfect

Perfecting Bedrooms and Living Areas

  • Linens: Strip beds and remake with fresh sheets
  • Dusting: Top to bottom including fans and fixtures
  • Floors: Vacuum thoroughly including under furniture
  • Storage: Check drawers and closets for forgotten items
  • Soft furnishings: Fluff and arrange cushions neatly

Maintaining Outdoor Spaces

  • Clear debris: Sweep patios, decks, and walkways
  • Furniture: Clean and arrange outdoor seating
  • Amenities: Clean BBQ grills, maintain pools/hot tubs
  • Lighting: Check and replace bulbs as needed

Mastering the Turnover: Speed and Efficiency

The typical 5-6 hour window between guest departure and arrival demands exceptional efficiency. Speed is critical—no guest wants to wait for cleaning to finish.

A cleaner meticulously making a bed with crisp, white linens in a bright holiday home bedroom - Holiday home cleaning

CleanSwans’ time management strategies:

  • Top-to-bottom approach: Clean from ceiling fixtures downward so dust falls onto uncleaned surfaces
  • Inside-out cleaning: Work from furthest corner toward exit to avoid tracking dirt
  • Start laundry immediately: Strip beds and start washing while completing other tasks
  • Concurrent tasks: While laundry runs, empty trash, disinfect high-touch points, clean kitchens and bathrooms

A two-bedroom property typically takes a single cleaner 3-4 hours. Using a team allows task division and quality control within the turnover window.

DIY vs. Hiring Professionals: A Cost-Benefit Analysis

Choosing between DIY and professional holiday home cleaning impacts your business success.

DIY vs. Professional Service Comparison

Factor DIY Cleaning Professional Service
Cost No service fee, but time investment £110-£160 per clean (two-bedroom)
Time You handle everything Team manages full turnover
Consistency Standards may slip when busy Standardized checklists ensure quality
Stress Managing turnovers yourself Scheduling handled for you
Issue reporting Self-inspection required Professionals flag damage and maintenance

The DIY Approach

Pros: Direct cost savings, full control
Cons: Time-intensive, physically demanding, challenging during peak season

The Professional Advantage

Pros: Consistent quality supporting better reviews, professional equipment, maintenance issue spotting, time freedom
Cons: Additional operational cost

Professional services often pay for themselves through higher occupancy rates and premium pricing, particularly in high cost-of-living areas. As detailed in Why Hiring Professionals for Home Services Saves You Money in the Long Run, expert care protects your investment.

Finding Reliable Cleaners

Look for cleaners with vacation rental experience, proper insurance, and strong references. Confirm they can work within turnover schedules and communicate clearly about standards and reporting expectations.

Introduction

Holiday home cleaning sits at the intersection of hospitality and property care. For owners and managers of short-term rentals, it is not a cosmetic extra but a core part of the guest experience and the business model. Impeccable cleanliness underpins first impressions, review scores, and repeat bookings across every market CleanSwans serves, from New York and the Mid-Atlantic to the Southeast and Florida.

This guide to holiday home cleaning explains how to meet hospitality-level standards in your property, whether you handle cleaning yourself or partner with a professional white-glove service. You will find practical checklists, turnover strategies, and a clear comparison between DIY and professional options, so you can choose the approach that best supports your guests and your revenue goals.

Why Holiday Home Cleanliness Defines Your Guest Experience

Holiday home cleaning is the foundation of every successful vacation rental business. Whether you own a coastal cottage, a ski chalet, or a city apartment, the cleanliness of your property directly determines guest satisfaction, review scores, and ultimately, your booking rate.

Quick Answer: What is Holiday Home Cleaning?

Holiday home cleaning is a specialized, hospitality-grade service that goes far beyond standard residential cleaning. It includes:

  • Full property turnover between guest stays (typically within 5–6 hours)
  • Deep cleaning of all surfaces, appliances, and fixtures to hotel standards
  • Fresh linens and towels for every arrival
  • Restocking essential supplies and amenities
  • Quality checks for damage, maintenance issues, and missing items
  • Outdoor space maintenance including patios, pools, and hot tubs

According to accommodation industry data, cleanliness gaps are by far the most common complaint in rental reviews. A single oversight—a stained towel, a dusty surface, or a forgotten bin—can transform a five-star stay into a one-star review. Conversely, an impeccably clean property becomes a powerful marketing asset, driving positive reviews, repeat bookings, and premium pricing.

The stakes are high. Today’s guests expect nothing less than a pristine, welcoming environment when they arrive. They are not just renting a space—they are investing in an experience. A home that looks, smells, and feels freshly prepared signals respect, professionalism, and attention to detail.

As the Founder of CleanSwans, I have spent years developing luxury home care programs specifically designed for high-value properties, secondary homes, and vacation rentals. Holiday home cleaning requires a level of precision, speed, and consistency that standard cleaning simply cannot deliver—and that is where white-glove service makes all the difference.

The Foundations of Five-Star Cleanliness

Holiday home cleaning is a distinct and demanding discipline, fundamentally different from our Standard Cleaning services. Vacation rental cleaning operates on a hospitality-grade standard, as guests expect a pristine, hotel-like environment. This means a complete refresh is required between every stay, not just routine upkeep.

The goal is to create a welcoming atmosphere that makes guests feel comfortable from the moment they arrive. A consistent cleaning routine and a comprehensive checklist are critical for maintaining high standards, which lead to positive guest reviews and repeat bookings.

Presentation and staging are just as crucial as the cleaning itself. Thoughtful touches, such as neatly arranged pillows or a welcome basket, lift the guest’s perception of your property without adding unnecessary complexity to the turnover.

Finally, ensure you have enough linens and a clear waste management system. We recommend the “three-set rule” for bedding (one in use, one in the wash, one spare) and providing guests with simple instructions for trash and recycling to streamline the turnover process for you or your cleaning team.

Your Comprehensive Holiday Home Cleaning Checklist

Ensuring a spotless holiday home requires a strategic approach and the right tools. Our comprehensive holiday home cleaning checklist covers every detail, making sure your property is guest-ready every time.

Here is a list of essential cleaning supplies we rely on to achieve our white-glove standards:

  • Cleaning agents: All-purpose cleaner, disinfectant, glass cleaner, toilet bowl cleaner, spot remover or degreaser.
  • Tools and equipment: Microfiber cloths, scrub brushes, sponges, mop and bucket, vacuum with attachments, telescoping duster, handheld vacuum.
  • Linens and disposables: Fresh linens, towels, paper towels, trash bags, rubber gloves.
  • Laundry products: Detergent, fabric softener, and stain treatment.

For a detailed, room-by-room breakdown, CleanSwans uses an internal Vacation Rental Cleaning Checklist to ensure every corner meets exacting standards.

Key Considerations for Kitchens

The kitchen is often the heart of a holiday home. Our approach focuses on making sure every surface is safe, healthy, and germ-free for meal preparation.

  • Appliance interiors: Clean the refrigerator (removing all contents), oven, microwave, and dishwasher.
  • Sanitizing surfaces: Clean and disinfect all countertops, backsplashes, and the sink and faucet.
  • Restocking essentials: Replenish dish soap, fresh sponges, paper towels, and bin bags.
  • Cutlery and crockery: Ensure all dishes, utensils, and cookware are spotless and properly stored.
  • Cabinets and floors: Wipe down cabinet doors, then sweep and mop the floor.
  • Trash cans: Empty, wash, and reline all trash and recycling bins.

Best Practices for Bathrooms

Bathroom cleanliness is a top priority for guests and a significant factor in reviews.

  • Disinfecting toilets, showers, and sinks: Thoroughly clean and disinfect the toilet, shower, tub, and sink.
  • Polishing mirrors and chrome: Polish all mirrors and chrome fixtures to a streak-free shine.
  • Restocking toilet paper and toiletries: Replenish toilet paper, hand soap, and other essential toiletries.
  • Fresh towels: Provide fresh, clean hand towels and bath towels, plus a clean bath mat.
  • Trash and floors: Empty and clean trash cans, then mop and disinfect floors.

Perfecting Bedrooms and Living Areas

These are the spaces where guests relax, so comfort and cleanliness are paramount.

  • Changing all linens: Strip all beds and remake them with fresh, crisp linens.
  • Dusting from top to bottom: Dust all surfaces, including ceiling fans, light fixtures, and furniture.
  • Vacuuming: Thoroughly vacuum carpets, rugs, and under furniture, or sweep and mop hard floors.
  • Checking drawers and closets: Check for forgotten items and ensure there is ample storage space for new guests.
  • Soft furnishings: Fluff and arrange cushions and throws neatly.

Maintaining Outdoor Spaces and Amenities

The exterior of your holiday home is the first impression guests receive.

  • Sweeping patios and decks: Clear all outdoor areas of leaves and debris.
  • Wiping down outdoor furniture: Clean and arrange outdoor furniture.
  • Cleaning BBQ grills: Ensure the grill is clean and ready for use.
  • Hot tub and pool maintenance: Follow appropriate cleaning and chemical-balancing protocols.
  • Outdoor lighting: Check all exterior lights and replace bulbs as needed.

Mastering the Turnover: Speed and Efficiency in Holiday Home Cleaning

The period between one guest’s departure and the next’s arrival is often a tightrope walk, demanding speed and efficiency. The typical turnover window is around 5–6 hours, which requires a well-planned cleaning operation. Speed is critical, as no guest wants to wait for their holiday home to be cleaned.

A cleaner meticulously making a bed with crisp, white linens in a bright holiday home bedroom

Our time management strategies are built on a system of organized tasks and clear priorities. The fastest way to clean a vacation rental effectively is to implement a systematic approach:

  • Top-to-bottom approach: Always clean from the highest points (ceiling fans, light fixtures) downwards to the floors to avoid re-cleaning surfaces.
  • Inside-out cleaning: Within each room, clean from the furthest point back towards the exit to prevent tracking dirt into clean areas.
  • Start laundry first: Stripping beds and starting the laundry immediately is crucial. This allows the wash cycle to run while other tasks are completed, maximizing efficiency.
  • Concurrent tasks: While laundry is running, other team members can focus on emptying trash, disinfecting high-touch points, and tackling kitchens and bathrooms.

The time required to clean a vacation rental varies by property size and condition. A two-bedroom property might take a single cleaner 3–4 hours. To meet tight turnover windows, many owners use a team to divide tasks and ensure a thorough, quality-controlled clean in less time.

DIY vs. Hiring Professionals: A Cost-Benefit Analysis

Deciding whether to clean your holiday home yourself or hire a professional service is a crucial business decision for any rental owner. It boils down to weighing cost savings against the value of time, consistency, and expert care.

The DIY Approach

  • Pros: You save on the direct cost of a cleaning service and have full control over the process.
  • Cons: It is time-consuming and physically demanding. Maintaining a consistently high standard can be stressful, especially during peak season or if you manage the property remotely.

The Professional Advantage

  • Pros: Professionals deliver a consistent, high-quality clean, which can support better reviews and more bookings. They bring their own equipment, handle scheduling, and often spot maintenance issues before they become major problems. This frees up your time to focus on growing your business.
  • Cons: It is an additional operational cost.

Investing in a professional cleaning service is an investment in your property’s reputation and your own peace of mind. The cost, typically ranging from £110–£160 for a two-bedroom property, often pays for itself through higher occupancy rates and the ability to command premium pricing, particularly in high cost-of-living areas highlighted in resources such as cost of living comparisons.

The Foundations of Five-Star Cleanliness

Holiday home cleaning differs fundamentally from our Standard Cleaning services. Vacation rentals require hospitality-grade standards where every surface gleams and every corner is immaculate. Areas cleaned monthly in typical homes need attention between every guest turnover.

The expectation is closer to deep cleaning than regular tidying, demanding thoroughness and speed to minimize booking downtime. Creating a welcoming atmosphere makes guests feel comfortable from arrival, setting the stage for positive experiences.

Consistent routines and comprehensive checklists are critical for success. This structured approach maintains high standards leading to positive reviews and repeat bookings. Negative reviews citing cleanliness issues significantly deter prospective visitors. Our internal CleanSwans checklist covers every aspect for guest satisfaction.

Presentation matters equally. Thoughtful touches like arranged pillows, fresh flowers, or welcome baskets lift property perception. These details transform rentals into homes away from home.

Essential linen requirements follow the “three-set rule”: one in use, one laundering, one spare ready. This ensures efficiency during tight turnovers.

Effective waste management includes clear guest instructions for disposal and recycling. Ask guests to empty bins before departure and place towels in the bathtub to streamline cleaning. Forgotten bins significantly impact first impressions.

Your Comprehensive Holiday Home Cleaning Checklist

Ensuring a spotless holiday home requires a strategic approach and the right tools. Our comprehensive holiday home cleaning checklist covers every detail, making sure your property is guest-ready every time.

Here is a list of essential cleaning supplies we rely on to achieve our white-glove standards:

  • All-purpose cleaner: For general surface cleaning throughout the property.
  • Disinfectant: Crucial for sanitizing high-touch surfaces in kitchens and bathrooms.
  • Glass cleaner: For streak-free windows, mirrors, and glass surfaces.
  • Microfiber cloths: Excellent for dusting, polishing, and streak-free wiping.
  • Vacuum cleaner: For carpets, rugs, and hard floors, with attachments for upholstery and crevices.
  • Baking soda and white vinegar: Natural, eco-friendly options for deodorizing and tackling tough stains.
  • Scrub brushes and sponges: For detailed cleaning in kitchens and bathrooms.
  • Mop and bucket: For hard floor surfaces.
  • Rubber gloves: For hygiene and protection.
  • Trash bags: Various sizes for different bins.
  • Detergent, fabric softener, stain treatment, and dryer sheets: For all linen and towel laundering.
  • Toilet bowl cleaner: For thorough bathroom sanitation.
  • Spot remover and degreaser: For targeted cleaning of specific stains.
  • Telescoping dust wand: To reach cobwebs and dust in high places.
  • Small, hand-held vacuum: For quick crumb cleanups and tight spots.

By having these essential supplies organized and readily available, cleaning teams can efficiently tackle every cleaning task. For a more detailed, room-by-room breakdown, CleanSwans uses an internal Vacation Rental Cleaning Checklist, ensuring every corner meets exacting standards.

Key Considerations for Kitchens

The kitchen is often the heart of a holiday home, even for guests who primarily dine out. A pristine kitchen is paramount for health, hygiene, and guest satisfaction.

  • Appliance interiors: Carefully clean the refrigerator (removing all contents, checking expiration dates, wiping shelves and drawers), oven (inside and out), microwave, and dishwasher. Pay attention to small appliances such as toasters and coffee makers.
  • Sanitizing countertops: Clean and disinfect all countertop surfaces, removing any stains.
  • Sink and faucet: Scrub, disinfect, and shine the sink and faucet, and wipe the backsplash.
  • Restocking essentials: Ensure all essential supplies, such as dish soap, fresh sponges, paper towel rolls, and bin bags, are replenished.
  • Cutlery and crockery: Wash, dry, and put away all dishes, utensils, pots, and pans so they are spotless. Organize drawers and remove crumbs.
  • Cabinets and floors: Wipe cabinet doors inside and out as needed. Sweep and mop the kitchen floor.
  • Trash cans: Wash, deodorize, and fit trash cans with fresh liners.

Best Practices for Bathrooms

Bathroom cleanliness is a top priority for guests and often a significant factor in reviews.

  • Disinfecting toilets, showers, and sinks: Clean toilets inside and out, scrub and rinse showers and tubs, and disinfect sinks and faucets. Remove hair and debris from plug holes.
  • Polishing mirrors and chrome: Polish all mirrors and chrome fixtures to a streak-free shine.
  • Restocking toilet paper and toiletries: Replenish toilet paper, hand soap, and other essential toiletries. Remove leftover items from previous guests.
  • Fresh towels: Provide fresh, clean hand towels and bath towels, neatly folded or hung, and replace used bath mats with clean ones.
  • Trash and floors: Empty, clean, and reline bathroom trash cans. Mop and disinfect floors.

Perfecting Bedrooms and Living Areas

These are the spaces where guests relax and unwind, so comfort and cleanliness are paramount.

  • Changing all linens: Strip and launder all bed linens, including sheets, duvet covers, pillowcases, and mattress protectors. Make beds with fresh linens and neatly arranged pillows.
  • Dusting from top to bottom: Dust ceiling fans, light fixtures, and high shelves, then work down to bedside tables, dressers, and entertainment units.
  • Vacuuming under furniture: Vacuum or sweep and mop floors, including under beds and other furniture. Wash small area rugs as needed.
  • Checking drawers and closets: Check for forgotten guest belongings and tidy storage spaces. Provide clear hanging space and hangers.
  • Walls and fixtures: Spot-clean walls, doors, frames, ledges, and vents. Clean light fixtures, mirrors, and accessories; confirm light switches function.
  • Living area upholstery: Lint-roll couches and chairs, and wash or neatly arrange throw pillows and blankets. Wipe windows and window sills.

Maintaining Outdoor Spaces and Amenities

The exterior of your holiday home is the first impression guests receive, and well-maintained outdoor amenities improve their stay.

  • Sweeping patios and decks: Sweep patios, decks, walkways, and driveways to remove leaves, debris, and cobwebs.
  • Wiping down outdoor furniture: Wipe outdoor furniture clean and arrange it neatly.
  • Cleaning BBQ grills: If a BBQ grill is provided, clean grates and surfaces so it is ready for use.
  • Hot tub and pool maintenance protocols: Clean and chemically treat hot tubs and pools according to appropriate guidelines, and factor this into the turnover window.
  • Ensuring outdoor lighting works: Check exterior lighting fixtures and replace burnt-out bulbs.
  • Garden areas: Keep garden areas tidy by trimming bushes, clearing weeds, and maintaining lawns. Empty and sanitize outdoor trash bins.

Mastering the Turnover: Speed and Efficiency in Holiday Home Cleaning

The period between one guest’s departure and the next’s arrival is often a tightrope walk, demanding speed and efficiency. The general length of time between check-ins and check-outs is typically around 5–6 hours, a window that necessitates a well-organized cleaning operation. Speed is critical when it comes to turnover cleaning, as guests do not want to spend the first day of their vacation waiting for the property to be made ready. This tight timeframe means every minute must be used effectively to deliver a pristine, five-star experience.

Our time management strategies are built on organized tasks and clear priorities. To clean a vacation rental effectively:

  • Top-to-bottom approach: Clean from the highest points (ceiling fans, light fixtures) downwards to the floors. Any dust or debris that falls will land on surfaces that have not yet been cleaned.
  • Inside-out cleaning: Within each room, work from the furthest point toward the exit. This minimizes the chance of tracking dirt back into clean areas.
  • Starting laundry first: As soon as guests check out, strip all beds and gather towels for laundering. Running laundry while other tasks are underway is essential for staying within the turnover window.
  • Concurrent tasks: While laundry is running, focus on emptying trash, disinfecting high-touch points such as remote controls, light switches, and door handles, and completing kitchen and bathroom cleaning.

The time it takes to clean a vacation rental property varies by size and condition. For a two-bedroom property, a single cleaner might spend about 3 to 4 hours. To achieve professional cleaning standards more quickly—especially within that 5–6 hour window—many owners deploy a team so tasks can be completed in parallel. This approach supports both speed and quality control, ensuring the property is inspected and presented to a consistently high standard.

DIY vs. Hiring Professionals: A Cost-Benefit Analysis

Deciding whether to clean your holiday home yourself or hire a professional service is a crucial business decision for any rental owner. It boils down to weighing cost savings against the value of time, consistency, and expert care.

The DIY Approach

  • Pros: You save on the direct cost of a cleaning service and have full control over the process.
  • Cons: It is time-consuming and physically demanding. Maintaining a consistently high standard can be stressful, especially during peak season or if you manage the property remotely.

The Professional Advantage

  • Pros: Professionals deliver a consistent, high-quality clean, which can support better reviews and more bookings. They bring their own equipment, handle scheduling, and can often spot maintenance issues before they become major problems. This frees up your time to focus on growing your business.
  • Cons: It is an additional operational cost.

Investing in a professional cleaning service is an investment in your property’s reputation and your own peace of mind. The cost, typically ranging from £110–£160 for a two-bedroom property, often pays for itself through higher occupancy rates and the ability to command premium pricing. In high cost-of-living areas, these fees may be higher, reflecting broader market conditions described in cost of living analyses.

miocommerce-monitoring-keyword